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Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from the Irish province of Ulster who migrated to North America during the 18th and 19th centuries.〔Scholarly estimates vary, but here are a few: "more than a quarter-million", Fischer, David Hackett, ''Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America'' Oxford University Press, USA (March 14, 1989), pg. 606; "200,000", Rouse, Parke Jr., ''The Great Wagon Road'', Dietz Press, 2004, pg. 32; "...250,000 people left for America between 1717 and 1800...20,000 were Anglo-Irish, 20,000 were Gaelic Irish, and the remainder Ulster-Scots or Scotch-Irish...", Blethen, H.T. & Wood, C.W., ''From Ulster to Carolina'', North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 2005, pg. 22; "more than 100,000", Griffin, Patrick, ''The People with No Name'', Princeton University Press, 2001, pg 1; "200,000", Leyburn, James G., ''The Scotch-Irish: A Social History'', University of North Carolina Press, 1962, pg. 180; "225,000", Hansen, Marcus L., ''The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860'', Cambridge, Mass, 1940, pg. 41; "250,000", Dunaway, Wayland F. ''The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania'', Genealogical Publishing Co (1944), pg. 41; "300,000", Barck, O.T. & Lefler, H.T., ''Colonial America'', New York (1958), pg. 285.〕〔Robinson, Philip, ''The Plantation of Ulster'', St. Martin's Press, 1984, ppg. 109-128〕 While an estimated 36 million Americans (12% of the total population) reported Irish ancestry in 2006, and 6 million (2% of the population) reported Scottish ancestry,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 U.S. Census )〕 an additional 5.4 million (1.8% of the population) identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The term ''Scotch-Irish'' is used only in the United States,〔Leyburn 1962, p. 327.〕 with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots. ==Terminology== The term Scotch-Irish is first known to have been used to refer to a people living in Northeastern Ireland. In a letter of April 14, 1573, in reference to Ulster, Elizabeth I of England wrote: "We are given to understand that a nobleman named 'Sorley Boy' () and others, who be of the Scotch-Irish race..."〔''Calendar of Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery,'' as cited in Leyburn, op. cit., 329.〕 This term continued in usage for over a century〔H. Dalrymple, ''Decisions of the Court of Sessions from 1698 to 1718,'' ed. by Bell and Bradfute (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1792), 1:73/29. See ''Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue,'' s.v. toung.〕 before the earliest known American reference appeared in a Maryland affidavit in 1689/90.〔William Pattent was at worke at James Minders and one night as I was at worke Mr Matt: Scarbrough came into the house of sd Minders and sett down by me as I was at work, the sd Minder askt him if he came afoot, he made answer again and sd he did, saying that man, meaning me, calling me Rogue makes me goe afoot, also makes it his business to goe from house to house to ruinate me, my Wife and Children for ever. I made answer is it I Mr. Scarbrough(?) and he replyed and said ay you, you Rogue, for which doing ile whip you and make my Wife whipp to whipp you, and I answered if ever I have abused (you) at any time, or to any bodies hearing, I will give you full satisfaction to your own Content. (At which Scarbrough said) You Scotch Irish dogg it was you, with that he gave me a blow on the face saying it was no more sin to kill me then to kill a dogg, or any Scotch Irish dogg, giving me another blow in the face. now saying goe to yr god that Rogue and have a warrant for me and I will answer it. Wm.Patent〕 Today, ''Scotch-Irish'' is an Americanism almost unknown in England, Ireland or Scotland.〔 The term is somewhat unclear because some of the Scotch-Irish have little or no Scottish ancestry at all: numerous dissenter families had also been transplanted to Ulster from northern England and the border counties. Smaller numbers of migrants also came from Wales and the southeast of England, and others were Protestant religious refugees from Flanders, the German Palatinate, and France (such as the French Huguenot ancestors of Davy Crockett).〔Robinson, Philip, ''The Plantation of Ulster'', St. Martin's Press, 1984, pp. 109-128, and Rowse, A.L., ''The Expansion of Elizabethan England'', Harper & Row: New York, 1965, pg. 28.〕 What united these different national groups was a base of Calvinist religious beliefs,〔Hanna, Charles A., ''The Scotch-Irish: or the Scot in North Britain, North Ireland, and North America,'' G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1902, pg. 163〕 and their separation from the established church (Church of England and Church of Ireland in this case). But, the large ethnic Scottish element in the Plantation of Ulster gave the settlements a Scottish character. Upon arrival in North America, these migrants at first usually identified simply as Irish, without the qualifier ''Scotch''. It was not until a century later, following the surge in Irish immigration after the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s, that the descendants of the earlier arrivals began to commonly call themselves Scotch-Irish to distinguish themselves from the newer, predominantly Roman Catholic and poor immigrants; these largely had no Scottish ancestry.〔()〕 At first, the two groups had little interaction in America, as the Scots-Irish had become settled decades earlier, primarily in the backcountry of the Appalachian region. The new wave of Irish families settled primarily in port cities such as Boston, New York, Chicago, and New Orleans, where large immigrant communities formed and there were an increasing number of industrial jobs. Many of the new Irish migrants also went to the interior in the 19th century, attracted to jobs on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and railroads.〔Leyburn 1962, pp. 327-334.〕 The usage ''Scots-Irish'' developed in the late 19th century as a relatively recent version of the term. Two early citations include: 1) "a grave, elderly man of the race known in America as "Scots-Irish" (1870);〔Robert Somers, ''The Southern States since the War'' (1870) Page 239 (online )〕 and 2) "Dr. Cochran was of stately presence, of fair and florid complexion, features which testified his Scots-Irish descent" (1884)〔See (''Magazine of American History'' 1884 p 258 )〕 In Ulster-Scots (or "Ullans"), Scotch-Irish Americans are referred to as the ''Scotch Airish o' Amerikey''.〔(American Presidents ), The Ulster-Scots Agency. Retrieved 27 October 2011.〕 Twentieth-century English author Kingsley Amis endorsed the traditional ''Scotch-Irish'' usage implicitly in noting that "nobody talks about ''butterscottish'' or ''hopscots'',...or ''Scottish pine''", and that while ''Scots'' or ''Scottish'' is how people of Scots origin refer to themselves in Scotland, the traditional English usage ''Scotch'' continues to be appropriate in "compounds and set phrases".〔Kingsley Amis, ''The King's English : A Guide to Modern Usage'', St. Martin's Griffin, 1999, pp. 198-199.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scotch-Irish Americans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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